Farmers’ A1manac • Page 91

Dirty Sanchez · Jun 29, 2020

Ok time to take a late lunch and do my running.

Ken · Jun 29, 2020

Dirty Sanchez said:

Ok time to take a late lunch and do my running.

you'll be just like your refrigerator

Sean Murphy · Jun 29, 2020

Ken said:

Is this canon?

no this is a canon silly

iCarly Rae Jepsen · Jun 29, 2020

Ken said:

you'll be just like your refrigerator

Full of aha?

Your Milkshake · Jun 29, 2020

Dirty Sanchez said:

The good old days of WW3 :(

Gucci Gang Gay Version plays over the F-16 Jet intercom as it drops Juul pods

Ken · Jun 29, 2020

Sean Murphy said:

no this is a canon silly

Shakriel · Jun 29, 2020

ComedownMachine said:

i miss tumblr

No I don’t

tumblr had its moments

iCarly Rae Jepsen · Jun 29, 2020

ComedownMachine said:

i miss tumblr

No I don’t

You just want to jack it to artsy girls

oncenowagain · Jun 29, 2020

Max_123 said:

The Gregorian calendar is the calendar used in most of the world.[1] It is named after Pope Gregory XIII, who introduced it in October 1582.

The calendar spaces leap years to make the average year 365.2425 days long, approximating the 365.2422-day tropical year that is determined by the Earth's revolution around the Sun. The rule for leap years is:

Every year that is exactly divisible by four is a leap year, except for years that are exactly divisible by 100, but these centurial years are leap years if they are exactly divisible by 400. For example, the years 1700, 1800, and 1900 are not leap years, but the years 1600 and 2000 are.[2]

The calendar was a revision of the Julian calendar and had two aspects.[Note 1] It shortened the average year by 0.0075 days to stop the drift of the calendar with respect to the equinoxes.[3] To deal with the drift since the Julian calendar was fixed the date was advanced 10 days; Thursday 4 October 1582 was followed by Friday 15 October 1582.[Note 2] There was continuity in the cycle of weekdays and the Anno Domini calendar era.[Note 3] The reform also altered the lunar cycle used by the Church to calculate the date for Easter (computus), restoring it to the time of the year as originally celebrated by the early Church.

The reform was adopted initially by the Catholic countries of Europe and their overseas possessions. Over the next three centuries, the Protestant and Eastern Orthodox countries also moved to what they called the Improved calendar, with Greece being the last European country to adopt the calendar in 1923.[5] To unambiguously specify a date during the transition period (or in history texts), dual dating is sometimes used to specify Old Style and New Style dates (abbreviated as O.S and N.S.). Due to globalization in the 20th century, the calendar has also been adopted by most non-Western countries for civil purposes. The calendar era carries the alternative secular name of "Common Era".

The Gregorian calendar was a reform of the Julian calendar. It was instituted by papal bull Inter gravissimas dated 24 February 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom the calendar is named.[3] The motivation for the adjustment was to bring the date for the celebration of Easter to the time of year in which it was celebrated when it was introduced by the early Church. The error in the Julian calendar (its assumption that there are exactly 365.25 days in a year) had led to the date of the equinox according to the calendar drifting from the observed reality, and thus an error had been introduced into the calculation of the date of Easter. Although a recommendation of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 specified that all Christians should celebrate Easter on the same day, it took almost five centuries before virtually all Christians achieved that objective by adopting the rules of the Church of Alexandria (see Easter for the issues which arose).[Note 7]

Background
Because the date of Easter is a function – the computus – of the date of the (northern hemisphere) spring equinox, the Catholic Church considered unacceptable the increasing divergence between the canonical date of the equinox and observed reality. Easter is celebrated on the Sunday after the ecclesiastical full moon on or after 21 March, which was adopted as approximation to the March equinox.[9] European scholars had been well aware of the calendar drift since the early medieval period.

Bede, writing in the 8th century, showed that the accumulated error in his time was more than three days. Roger Bacon in c. 1200 estimated the error at seven or eight days. Dante, writing c. 1300, was aware of the need of a calendar reform. The first attempt to go forward with such a reform was undertaken by Pope Sixtus IV, who in 1475 invited Regiomontanus to the Vatican for this purpose. However, the project was interrupted by the death of Regiomontanus shortly after his arrival in Rome.[10] The increase of astronomical knowledge and the precision of observations towards the end of the 15th century made the question more pressing. Numerous publications over the following decades called for a calendar reform, among them two papers sent to the Vatican by the University of Salamanca in 1515 and 1578,[11] but the project was not taken up again until the 1540s, and implemented only under Pope Gregory XIII (r. 1572–1585).

Preparation
In 1545, the Council of Trent authorised Pope Paul III to reform the calendar, requiring that the date of the vernal equinox be restored to that which it held at the time of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 and that an alteration to the calendar be designed to prevent future drift. This would allow for a more consistent and accurate scheduling of the feast of Easter.

In 1577, a Compendium was sent to expert mathematicians outside the reform commission for comments. Some of these experts, including Giambattista Benedetti and Giuseppe Moleto, believed Easter should be computed from the true motions of the Sun and Moon, rather than using a tabular method, but these recommendations were not adopted.[12] The reform adopted was a modification of a proposal made by the Calabrian doctor Aloysius Lilius (or Lilio).[13]

Lilius's proposal included reducing the number of leap years in four centuries from 100 to 97, by making three out of four centurial years common instead of leap years. He also produced an original and practical scheme for adjusting the epacts of the Moon when calculating the annual date of Easter, solving a long-standing obstacle to calendar reform.

Ancient tables provided the Sun's mean longitude.[14] The German mathematician Christopher Clavius, the architect of the Gregorian calendar, noted that the tables agreed neither on the time when the Sun passed through the vernal equinox nor on the length of the mean tropical year. Tycho Brahe also noticed discrepancies.[15] The Gregorian leap year rule (97 leap years in 400 years) was put forward by Petrus Pitatus of Verona in 1560. He noted that it is consistent with the tropical year of the Alfonsine tables and with the mean tropical year of Copernicus (De revolutionibus) and Erasmus Reinhold (Prutenic tables). The three mean tropical years in Babylonian sexagesimals as the excess over 365 days (the way they would have been extracted from the tables of mean longitude) were 0;14,33,9,57 (Alfonsine), 0;14,33,11,12 (Copernicus) and 0;14,33,9,24 (Reinhold). In decimal notation, these are equal to 0.24254606, 0.24255185, and 0.24254352, respectively. All values are the same to two sexagesimal places (0;14,33, equal to decimal 0.2425) and this is also the mean length of the Gregorian year. Thus Pitatus' solution would have commended itself to the astronomers.[16]

Lilius's proposals had two components. First, he proposed a correction to the length of the year. The mean tropical year is 365.24219 days long.[17] A commonly used value in Lilius's time, from the Alfonsine tables, is 365.2425463 days.[18] As the average length of a Julian year is 365.25 days, the Julian year is almost 11 minutes longer than the mean tropical year. The discrepancy results in a drift of about three days every 400 years. Lilius's proposal resulted in an average year of 365.2425 days (see Accuracy). At the time of Gregory's reform there had already been a drift of 10 days since the Council of Nicaea, resulting in the vernal equinox falling on 10 or 11 March instead of the ecclesiastically fixed date of 21 March, and if unreformed it would have drifted further. Lilius proposed that the 10-day drift should be corrected by deleting the Julian leap day on each of its ten occurrences over a period of forty years, thereby providing for a gradual return of the equinox to 21 March.

Lilius's work was expanded upon by Christopher Clavius in a closely argued, 800-page volume. He would later defend his and Lilius's work against detractors. Clavius's opinion was that the correction should take place in one move, and it was this advice which prevailed with Gregory.

The second component consisted of an approximation which would provide an accurate yet simple, rule-based calendar. Lilius's formula was a 10-day correction to revert the drift since the Council of Nicaea, and the imposition of a leap day in only 97 years in 400 rather than in 1 year in 4. The proposed rule was that years divisible by 100 would be leap years only if they were divisible by 400 as well.

The 19-year cycle used for the lunar calendar was also to be corrected by one day every 300 or 400 years (8 times in 2500 years) along with corrections for the years that are no longer leap years (i.e. 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, etc.) In fact, a new method for computing the date of Easter was introduced.

When the new calendar was put in use, the error accumulated in the 13 centuries since the Council of Nicaea was corrected by a deletion of 10 days. The Julian calendar day Thursday, 4 October 1582 was followed by the first day of the Gregorian calendar, Friday, 15 October 1582 (the cycle of weekdays was not affected).

Difference between Gregorian and Julian calendar dates
Conversion from Julian to Gregorian dates.[23]
Gregorian range Julian range Difference
From 15 October 1582
to 28 February 1700 From 5 October 1582
to 18 February 1700 10 days
From 1 March 1700
to 28 February 1800 From 19 February 1700
to 17 February 1800 11 days
From 1 March 1800
to 28 February 1900 From 18 February 1800
to 16 February 1900 12 days
From 1 March 1900
to 28 February 2100 From 17 February 1900
to 15 February 2100 13 days
From 1 March 2100
to 28 February 2200 From 16 February 2100
to 14 February 2200 14 days
This section always places the intercalary day on 29 February even though it was always obtained by doubling 24 February (the bissextum (twice sixth) or bissextile day) until the late Middle Ages. The Gregorian calendar is proleptic before 1582 (assumed to exist before 1582), and the difference between Gregorian and Julian calendar dates increases by three days every four centuries (all date ranges are inclusive).

The following equation gives the number of days (actually, dates) that the Gregorian calendar is ahead of the Julian calendar, called the secular difference between the two calendars. A negative difference means the Julian calendar is ahead of the Gregorian calendar.[24]

{\displaystyle D=\left\lfloor {Y/100}\right\rfloor -\left\lfloor {Y/400}\right\rfloor -2}
where {\displaystyle D} is the secular difference and {\displaystyle Y} is the year using astronomical year numbering, that is, use (year BC) − 1 for BC years. {\displaystyle \left\lfloor {x}\right\rfloor } means that if the result of the division is not an integer it is rounded down to the nearest integer. Thus during the 1900s, 1900/400 = 4, while during the −500s, −500/400 = −2.

The general rule, in years which are leap years in the Julian calendar but not the Gregorian, is:

Up to 28 February in the calendar being converted from, add one day less or subtract one day more than the calculated value. Give February the appropriate number of days for the calendar being converted into. When subtracting days to calculate the Gregorian equivalent of 29 February (Julian), 29 February is discounted. Thus if the calculated value is −4 the Gregorian equivalent of this date is 24 February.[25]

Beginning of the year
Country Start numbered year
on 1 January Adoption of
Gregorian calendar
Denmark Gradual change from
13th to 16th centuries[26] 1700
Holy Roman Empire (Catholic states) 1544 1583
Spain, Poland, Portugal 1556 1582
Holy Roman Empire (Protestant states) 1559 1700[Note 8]
Sweden 1559 1753
France 1564[28] 1582[n 1]
Southern Netherlands 1576[29] 1582
Lorraine 1579 1582[Note 10]
Dutch Republic 1583 1582
Scotland 1600[30][31] 1752
Russia 1700[32] 1918
Tuscany 1750[33] 1582[34]
Great Britain and the British Empire
except Scotland 1752[30] 1752
Venice 1797[35] 1582
The year used in dates during the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire was the consular year, which began on the day when consuls first entered office—probably 1 May before 222 BC, 15 March from 222 BC and 1 January from 153 BC.[36] The Julian calendar, which began in 45 BC, continued to use 1 January as the first day of the new year. Even though the year used for dates changed, the civil year always displayed its months in the order January to December from the Roman Republican period until the present.

During the Middle Ages, under the influence of the Catholic Church, many Western European countries moved the start of the year to one of several important Christian festivals—25 December (supposed Nativity of Jesus), 25 March (Annunciation), or Easter (France),[37] while the Byzantine Empire began its year on 1 September and Russia did so on 1 March until 1492 when the new year was moved to 1 September.[38]

In common usage, 1 January was regarded as New Year's Day and celebrated as such,[39] but from the 12th century until 1751 the legal year in England began on 25 March (Lady Day).[40] So, for example, the Parliamentary record lists the execution of Charles I on 30 January as occurring in 1648 (as the year did not end until 24 March),[41] although later histories adjust the start of the year to 1 January and record the execution as occurring in 1649.[42]

Most Western European countries changed the start of the year to 1 January before they adopted the Gregorian calendar. For example, Scotland changed the start of the Scottish New Year to 1 January in 1600 (this means that 1599 was a short year). England, Ireland and the British colonies changed the start of the year to 1 January in 1752 (so 1751 was a short year with only 282 days) though in England the start of the tax year remained at 25 March (O.S.), 5 April (N.S.) until 1800, when it moved to 6 April. Later in 1752 in September the Gregorian calendar was introduced throughout Britain and the British colonies (see the section Adoption). These two reforms were implemented by the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750.[43]

In some countries, an official decree or law specified that the start of the year should be 1 January. For such countries a specific year when a 1 January-year became the norm can be identified. In other countries the customs varied, and the start of the year moved back and forth as fashion and influence from other countries dictated various customs.

Neither the papal bull nor its attached canons explicitly fix such a date, though it is implied by two tables of saint's days, one labelled 1582 which ends on 31 December, and another for any full year that begins on 1 January. It also specifies its epact relative to 1 January, in contrast with the Julian calendar, which specified it relative to 22 March. The old date was derived from the Greek system: the earlier Supputatio Romana specified it relative to 1 January.

^ In 1793 France abandoned the Gregorian calendar in favour of the French Republican Calendar. This change was reverted in 1805.

Months
The Gregorian calendar continued to employ the Julian months, which have Latinate names and irregular numbers of days:

January (31 days), from Latin mēnsis Iānuārius, "Month of Janus",[46] the Roman god of gates, doorways, beginnings and endings

February (28 days in common and 29 in leap years), from Latin mēnsis Februārius, "Month of the Februa", the Roman festival of purgation and purification,[47][48] cognate with fever,[47] the Etruscan death god Februus ("Purifier"),[citation needed] and the Proto-Indo-European word for sulfur [47]

March (31 days), from Latin mēnsis Mārtius, "Month of Mars",[49] the Roman war god [48]

April (30 days), from Latin mēnsis Aprīlis, of uncertain meaning[50] but usually derived from some form of the verb aperire ("to open")[51] or the name of the goddess Aphrodite [48][54]

May (31 days), from Latin mēnsis Māius, "Month of Maia",[55] a Roman vegetation goddess [48] whose name is cognate with Latin magnus ("great")[55] and English major

June (30 days), from Latin mēnsis Iūnius, "Month of Juno",[56] the Roman goddess of marriage, childbirth, and rule[48]

July (31 days), from Latin mēnsis Iūlius, "Month of Julius Caesar", the month of Caesar's birth, instituted in 44bc[57] as part of his calendrical reforms [48]

August (31 days), from Latin mēnsis Augustus, "Month of Augustus", instituted by Augustus in 8bc in agreement with July and from the occurrence during the month of several important events during his rise to power[58]

September (30 days), from Latin mēnsis september, "seventh month", of the ten-month Roman year of Romulus c. 750bc[59]

October (31 days), from Latin mēnsis octōber, "eighth month", of the ten-month Roman year of Romulus c. 750bc[60]

November (30 days), from Latin mēnsis november, "ninth month", of the ten-month Roman year of Romulus c. 750bc[61]

December (31 days), from Latin mēnsis december, "tenth month", of the ten-month Roman year of Romulus c. 750bc[62]

Europeans sometimes attempt to remember the number of days in each month by memorizing some form of the traditional verse "Thirty Days Hath September". It appears in Latin,[63] Italian,[64] and French,[65] and belongs to a broad oral tradition but the earliest currently attested form of the poem is the English marginalia inserted into a calendar of saints c. 1425:[66][67]

Thirti dayes hath novembir
April june and Septembir.
Of xxviij is but oon
And alle the remenaunt xxx and j.[66]

Thirty days have November,
April, June, and September.
Of 28 is but one
And all the remnant 30 and 1.

The knuckle mnemonic for the days of the months of the year
Variations appeared in Mother Goose and continue to be taught at schools. The unhelpfulness of such involved mnemonics has been parodied as "Thirty days hath September/ But all the rest I can't remember"[68] but it has also been called "probably the only sixteenth-century poem most ordinary citizens know by heart".[69] A common nonverbal alternative is the knuckle mnemonic, considering the knuckles of one's hands as months with 31 days and the lower spaces between them as the months with fewer days. Using two hands, one may start from either pinkie knuckle as January and count across, omitting the space between the index knuckles (July and August). The same procedure can be done using the knuckles of a single hand, returning from the last (July) to the first (August) and continuing through. A similar mnemonic is to move up a piano keyboard in semitones from an F key, taking the white keys as the longer months and the black keys as the shorter ones.

Weeks
Main article: Seven-day week
In conjunction with the system of months there is a system of weeks. A physical or electronic calendar provides conversion from a given date to the weekday, and shows multiple dates for a given weekday and month. Calculating the day of the week is not very simple, because of the irregularities in the Gregorian system. When the Gregorian calendar was adopted by each country, the weekly cycle continued uninterrupted. For example, in the case of the few countries that adopted the reformed calendar on the date proposed by Gregory XIII for the calendar's adoption, Friday, 15 October 1582, the preceding date was Thursday, 4 October 1582 (Julian calendar).

Opinions vary about the numbering of the days of the week. ISO 8601, in common use worldwide, starts with Monday=1; printed monthly calendar grids often list Mondays in the first (left) column of dates and Sundays in the last. In North America, the week typically begins on Sunday and ends on Saturday.

GrantCloud · Jun 29, 2020

Max_123 said:

The Gregorian calendar is the calendar used in most of the world.[1] It is named after Pope Gregory XIII, who introduced it in October 1582.

The calendar spaces leap years to make the average year 365.2425 days long, approximating the 365.2422-day tropical year that is determined by the Earth's revolution around the Sun. The rule for leap years is:

Every year that is exactly divisible by four is a leap year, except for years that are exactly divisible by 100, but these centurial years are leap years if they are exactly divisible by 400. For example, the years 1700, 1800, and 1900 are not leap years, but the years 1600 and 2000 are.[2]

The calendar was a revision of the Julian calendar and had two aspects.[Note 1] It shortened the average year by 0.0075 days to stop the drift of the calendar with respect to the equinoxes.[3] To deal with the drift since the Julian calendar was fixed the date was advanced 10 days; Thursday 4 October 1582 was followed by Friday 15 October 1582.[Note 2] There was continuity in the cycle of weekdays and the Anno Domini calendar era.[Note 3] The reform also altered the lunar cycle used by the Church to calculate the date for Easter (computus), restoring it to the time of the year as originally celebrated by the early Church.

The reform was adopted initially by the Catholic countries of Europe and their overseas possessions. Over the next three centuries, the Protestant and Eastern Orthodox countries also moved to what they called the Improved calendar, with Greece being the last European country to adopt the calendar in 1923.[5] To unambiguously specify a date during the transition period (or in history texts), dual dating is sometimes used to specify Old Style and New Style dates (abbreviated as O.S and N.S.). Due to globalization in the 20th century, the calendar has also been adopted by most non-Western countries for civil purposes. The calendar era carries the alternative secular name of "Common Era".

The Gregorian calendar was a reform of the Julian calendar. It was instituted by papal bull Inter gravissimas dated 24 February 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom the calendar is named.[3] The motivation for the adjustment was to bring the date for the celebration of Easter to the time of year in which it was celebrated when it was introduced by the early Church. The error in the Julian calendar (its assumption that there are exactly 365.25 days in a year) had led to the date of the equinox according to the calendar drifting from the observed reality, and thus an error had been introduced into the calculation of the date of Easter. Although a recommendation of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 specified that all Christians should celebrate Easter on the same day, it took almost five centuries before virtually all Christians achieved that objective by adopting the rules of the Church of Alexandria (see Easter for the issues which arose).[Note 7]

Background
Because the date of Easter is a function – the computus – of the date of the (northern hemisphere) spring equinox, the Catholic Church considered unacceptable the increasing divergence between the canonical date of the equinox and observed reality. Easter is celebrated on the Sunday after the ecclesiastical full moon on or after 21 March, which was adopted as approximation to the March equinox.[9] European scholars had been well aware of the calendar drift since the early medieval period.

Bede, writing in the 8th century, showed that the accumulated error in his time was more than three days. Roger Bacon in c. 1200 estimated the error at seven or eight days. Dante, writing c. 1300, was aware of the need of a calendar reform. The first attempt to go forward with such a reform was undertaken by Pope Sixtus IV, who in 1475 invited Regiomontanus to the Vatican for this purpose. However, the project was interrupted by the death of Regiomontanus shortly after his arrival in Rome.[10] The increase of astronomical knowledge and the precision of observations towards the end of the 15th century made the question more pressing. Numerous publications over the following decades called for a calendar reform, among them two papers sent to the Vatican by the University of Salamanca in 1515 and 1578,[11] but the project was not taken up again until the 1540s, and implemented only under Pope Gregory XIII (r. 1572–1585).

Preparation
In 1545, the Council of Trent authorised Pope Paul III to reform the calendar, requiring that the date of the vernal equinox be restored to that which it held at the time of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 and that an alteration to the calendar be designed to prevent future drift. This would allow for a more consistent and accurate scheduling of the feast of Easter.

In 1577, a Compendium was sent to expert mathematicians outside the reform commission for comments. Some of these experts, including Giambattista Benedetti and Giuseppe Moleto, believed Easter should be computed from the true motions of the Sun and Moon, rather than using a tabular method, but these recommendations were not adopted.[12] The reform adopted was a modification of a proposal made by the Calabrian doctor Aloysius Lilius (or Lilio).[13]

Lilius's proposal included reducing the number of leap years in four centuries from 100 to 97, by making three out of four centurial years common instead of leap years. He also produced an original and practical scheme for adjusting the epacts of the Moon when calculating the annual date of Easter, solving a long-standing obstacle to calendar reform.

Ancient tables provided the Sun's mean longitude.[14] The German mathematician Christopher Clavius, the architect of the Gregorian calendar, noted that the tables agreed neither on the time when the Sun passed through the vernal equinox nor on the length of the mean tropical year. Tycho Brahe also noticed discrepancies.[15] The Gregorian leap year rule (97 leap years in 400 years) was put forward by Petrus Pitatus of Verona in 1560. He noted that it is consistent with the tropical year of the Alfonsine tables and with the mean tropical year of Copernicus (De revolutionibus) and Erasmus Reinhold (Prutenic tables). The three mean tropical years in Babylonian sexagesimals as the excess over 365 days (the way they would have been extracted from the tables of mean longitude) were 0;14,33,9,57 (Alfonsine), 0;14,33,11,12 (Copernicus) and 0;14,33,9,24 (Reinhold). In decimal notation, these are equal to 0.24254606, 0.24255185, and 0.24254352, respectively. All values are the same to two sexagesimal places (0;14,33, equal to decimal 0.2425) and this is also the mean length of the Gregorian year. Thus Pitatus' solution would have commended itself to the astronomers.[16]

Lilius's proposals had two components. First, he proposed a correction to the length of the year. The mean tropical year is 365.24219 days long.[17] A commonly used value in Lilius's time, from the Alfonsine tables, is 365.2425463 days.[18] As the average length of a Julian year is 365.25 days, the Julian year is almost 11 minutes longer than the mean tropical year. The discrepancy results in a drift of about three days every 400 years. Lilius's proposal resulted in an average year of 365.2425 days (see Accuracy). At the time of Gregory's reform there had already been a drift of 10 days since the Council of Nicaea, resulting in the vernal equinox falling on 10 or 11 March instead of the ecclesiastically fixed date of 21 March, and if unreformed it would have drifted further. Lilius proposed that the 10-day drift should be corrected by deleting the Julian leap day on each of its ten occurrences over a period of forty years, thereby providing for a gradual return of the equinox to 21 March.

Lilius's work was expanded upon by Christopher Clavius in a closely argued, 800-page volume. He would later defend his and Lilius's work against detractors. Clavius's opinion was that the correction should take place in one move, and it was this advice which prevailed with Gregory.

The second component consisted of an approximation which would provide an accurate yet simple, rule-based calendar. Lilius's formula was a 10-day correction to revert the drift since the Council of Nicaea, and the imposition of a leap day in only 97 years in 400 rather than in 1 year in 4. The proposed rule was that years divisible by 100 would be leap years only if they were divisible by 400 as well.

The 19-year cycle used for the lunar calendar was also to be corrected by one day every 300 or 400 years (8 times in 2500 years) along with corrections for the years that are no longer leap years (i.e. 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, etc.) In fact, a new method for computing the date of Easter was introduced.

When the new calendar was put in use, the error accumulated in the 13 centuries since the Council of Nicaea was corrected by a deletion of 10 days. The Julian calendar day Thursday, 4 October 1582 was followed by the first day of the Gregorian calendar, Friday, 15 October 1582 (the cycle of weekdays was not affected).

Difference between Gregorian and Julian calendar dates
Conversion from Julian to Gregorian dates.[23]
Gregorian range Julian range Difference
From 15 October 1582
to 28 February 1700 From 5 October 1582
to 18 February 1700 10 days
From 1 March 1700
to 28 February 1800 From 19 February 1700
to 17 February 1800 11 days
From 1 March 1800
to 28 February 1900 From 18 February 1800
to 16 February 1900 12 days
From 1 March 1900
to 28 February 2100 From 17 February 1900
to 15 February 2100 13 days
From 1 March 2100
to 28 February 2200 From 16 February 2100
to 14 February 2200 14 days
This section always places the intercalary day on 29 February even though it was always obtained by doubling 24 February (the bissextum (twice sixth) or bissextile day) until the late Middle Ages. The Gregorian calendar is proleptic before 1582 (assumed to exist before 1582), and the difference between Gregorian and Julian calendar dates increases by three days every four centuries (all date ranges are inclusive).

The following equation gives the number of days (actually, dates) that the Gregorian calendar is ahead of the Julian calendar, called the secular difference between the two calendars. A negative difference means the Julian calendar is ahead of the Gregorian calendar.[24]

{\displaystyle D=\left\lfloor {Y/100}\right\rfloor -\left\lfloor {Y/400}\right\rfloor -2}
where {\displaystyle D} is the secular difference and {\displaystyle Y} is the year using astronomical year numbering, that is, use (year BC) − 1 for BC years. {\displaystyle \left\lfloor {x}\right\rfloor } means that if the result of the division is not an integer it is rounded down to the nearest integer. Thus during the 1900s, 1900/400 = 4, while during the −500s, −500/400 = −2.

The general rule, in years which are leap years in the Julian calendar but not the Gregorian, is:

Up to 28 February in the calendar being converted from, add one day less or subtract one day more than the calculated value. Give February the appropriate number of days for the calendar being converted into. When subtracting days to calculate the Gregorian equivalent of 29 February (Julian), 29 February is discounted. Thus if the calculated value is −4 the Gregorian equivalent of this date is 24 February.[25]

Beginning of the year
Country Start numbered year
on 1 January Adoption of
Gregorian calendar
Denmark Gradual change from
13th to 16th centuries[26] 1700
Holy Roman Empire (Catholic states) 1544 1583
Spain, Poland, Portugal 1556 1582
Holy Roman Empire (Protestant states) 1559 1700[Note 8]
Sweden 1559 1753
France 1564[28] 1582[n 1]
Southern Netherlands 1576[29] 1582
Lorraine 1579 1582[Note 10]
Dutch Republic 1583 1582
Scotland 1600[30][31] 1752
Russia 1700[32] 1918
Tuscany 1750[33] 1582[34]
Great Britain and the British Empire
except Scotland 1752[30] 1752
Venice 1797[35] 1582
The year used in dates during the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire was the consular year, which began on the day when consuls first entered office—probably 1 May before 222 BC, 15 March from 222 BC and 1 January from 153 BC.[36] The Julian calendar, which began in 45 BC, continued to use 1 January as the first day of the new year. Even though the year used for dates changed, the civil year always displayed its months in the order January to December from the Roman Republican period until the present.

During the Middle Ages, under the influence of the Catholic Church, many Western European countries moved the start of the year to one of several important Christian festivals—25 December (supposed Nativity of Jesus), 25 March (Annunciation), or Easter (France),[37] while the Byzantine Empire began its year on 1 September and Russia did so on 1 March until 1492 when the new year was moved to 1 September.[38]

In common usage, 1 January was regarded as New Year's Day and celebrated as such,[39] but from the 12th century until 1751 the legal year in England began on 25 March (Lady Day).[40] So, for example, the Parliamentary record lists the execution of Charles I on 30 January as occurring in 1648 (as the year did not end until 24 March),[41] although later histories adjust the start of the year to 1 January and record the execution as occurring in 1649.[42]

Most Western European countries changed the start of the year to 1 January before they adopted the Gregorian calendar. For example, Scotland changed the start of the Scottish New Year to 1 January in 1600 (this means that 1599 was a short year). England, Ireland and the British colonies changed the start of the year to 1 January in 1752 (so 1751 was a short year with only 282 days) though in England the start of the tax year remained at 25 March (O.S.), 5 April (N.S.) until 1800, when it moved to 6 April. Later in 1752 in September the Gregorian calendar was introduced throughout Britain and the British colonies (see the section Adoption). These two reforms were implemented by the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750.[43]

In some countries, an official decree or law specified that the start of the year should be 1 January. For such countries a specific year when a 1 January-year became the norm can be identified. In other countries the customs varied, and the start of the year moved back and forth as fashion and influence from other countries dictated various customs.

Neither the papal bull nor its attached canons explicitly fix such a date, though it is implied by two tables of saint's days, one labelled 1582 which ends on 31 December, and another for any full year that begins on 1 January. It also specifies its epact relative to 1 January, in contrast with the Julian calendar, which specified it relative to 22 March. The old date was derived from the Greek system: the earlier Supputatio Romana specified it relative to 1 January.

^ In 1793 France abandoned the Gregorian calendar in favour of the French Republican Calendar. This change was reverted in 1805.

Months
The Gregorian calendar continued to employ the Julian months, which have Latinate names and irregular numbers of days:

January (31 days), from Latin mēnsis Iānuārius, "Month of Janus",[46] the Roman god of gates, doorways, beginnings and endings

February (28 days in common and 29 in leap years), from Latin mēnsis Februārius, "Month of the Februa", the Roman festival of purgation and purification,[47][48] cognate with fever,[47] the Etruscan death god Februus ("Purifier"),[citation needed] and the Proto-Indo-European word for sulfur [47]

March (31 days), from Latin mēnsis Mārtius, "Month of Mars",[49] the Roman war god [48]

April (30 days), from Latin mēnsis Aprīlis, of uncertain meaning[50] but usually derived from some form of the verb aperire ("to open")[51] or the name of the goddess Aphrodite [48][54]

May (31 days), from Latin mēnsis Māius, "Month of Maia",[55] a Roman vegetation goddess [48] whose name is cognate with Latin magnus ("great")[55] and English major

June (30 days), from Latin mēnsis Iūnius, "Month of Juno",[56] the Roman goddess of marriage, childbirth, and rule[48]

July (31 days), from Latin mēnsis Iūlius, "Month of Julius Caesar", the month of Caesar's birth, instituted in 44bc[57] as part of his calendrical reforms [48]

August (31 days), from Latin mēnsis Augustus, "Month of Augustus", instituted by Augustus in 8bc in agreement with July and from the occurrence during the month of several important events during his rise to power[58]

September (30 days), from Latin mēnsis september, "seventh month", of the ten-month Roman year of Romulus c. 750bc[59]

October (31 days), from Latin mēnsis octōber, "eighth month", of the ten-month Roman year of Romulus c. 750bc[60]

November (30 days), from Latin mēnsis november, "ninth month", of the ten-month Roman year of Romulus c. 750bc[61]

December (31 days), from Latin mēnsis december, "tenth month", of the ten-month Roman year of Romulus c. 750bc[62]

Europeans sometimes attempt to remember the number of days in each month by memorizing some form of the traditional verse "Thirty Days Hath September". It appears in Latin,[63] Italian,[64] and French,[65] and belongs to a broad oral tradition but the earliest currently attested form of the poem is the English marginalia inserted into a calendar of saints c. 1425:[66][67]

Thirti dayes hath novembir
April june and Septembir.
Of xxviij is but oon
And alle the remenaunt xxx and j.[66]

Thirty days have November,
April, June, and September.
Of 28 is but one
And all the remnant 30 and 1.

The knuckle mnemonic for the days of the months of the year
Variations appeared in Mother Goose and continue to be taught at schools. The unhelpfulness of such involved mnemonics has been parodied as "Thirty days hath September/ But all the rest I can't remember"[68] but it has also been called "probably the only sixteenth-century poem most ordinary citizens know by heart".[69] A common nonverbal alternative is the knuckle mnemonic, considering the knuckles of one's hands as months with 31 days and the lower spaces between them as the months with fewer days. Using two hands, one may start from either pinkie knuckle as January and count across, omitting the space between the index knuckles (July and August). The same procedure can be done using the knuckles of a single hand, returning from the last (July) to the first (August) and continuing through. A similar mnemonic is to move up a piano keyboard in semitones from an F key, taking the white keys as the longer months and the black keys as the shorter ones.

Weeks
Main article: Seven-day week
In conjunction with the system of months there is a system of weeks. A physical or electronic calendar provides conversion from a given date to the weekday, and shows multiple dates for a given weekday and month. Calculating the day of the week is not very simple, because of the irregularities in the Gregorian system. When the Gregorian calendar was adopted by each country, the weekly cycle continued uninterrupted. For example, in the case of the few countries that adopted the reformed calendar on the date proposed by Gregory XIII for the calendar's adoption, Friday, 15 October 1582, the preceding date was Thursday, 4 October 1582 (Julian calendar).

Opinions vary about the numbering of the days of the week. ISO 8601, in common use worldwide, starts with Monday=1; printed monthly calendar grids often list Mondays in the first (left) column of dates and Sundays in the last. In North America, the week typically begins on Sunday and ends on Saturday.

k

Your Milkshake · Jun 29, 2020

@angrycandy wwyd

Ken · Jun 29, 2020

iCarly Rae Jepsen said:

Full of aha?

angrycandy · Jun 29, 2020

Your Milkshake said:

@angrycandy wwyd

View attachment 54283

Renee · Jun 29, 2020

So I bought 3 mangoes the other day, how do I know when they're ripe?

lati · Jun 29, 2020

There’s a real “the sky is ripping apart” vibe near my apartment rn

lati · Jun 29, 2020

Also I think the cat from across the way is spying on me

K0ta · Jun 29, 2020

Renee said:

So I bought 3 mangoes the other day, how do I known when they're ripe?

Should be soft but not mushy, so when you squeeze it a little it should give a bit

Renee · Jun 29, 2020

When I shake one it makes a slight knocking noise?

Renee · Jun 29, 2020

K0ta said:

Should be soft but not mushy, so when you squeeze it a little it should give a bit

Thanks!

(Ik though. I don't like them and everyone says it's because I haven't had a ripe one)

iCarly Rae Jepsen · Jun 29, 2020

K0ta said:

Should be soft but not mushy, so when you squeeze it a little it should give a bit

Me irl

Borat 2: Vengeance · Jun 29, 2020

Dirty Sanchez said:

Also @Borat 2: Vengeance

Not a banana fan

K0ta · Jun 29, 2020

Renee said:

Thanks!

(Ik though. I don't like them and everyone says it's because I haven't had a ripe one)

lmao that question sounded so sincere

Renee · Jun 29, 2020

K0ta said:

lmao that question sounded so sincere

Also

Dirty Sanchez · Jun 29, 2020

Hot as phuxk

Renee · Jun 29, 2020

Dirty Sanchez said:

Hot as phuxk
View attachment 54287

Yeah but that Wednesday low

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